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It was known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers and the , The Guardian is part of the , owned by the. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to benefit an owner or shareholders. The paper's readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion. The Guardian is edited by , who succeeded in 2015. In 2016, The Guardian's print edition had an average of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind and. Since 2018 it has been published in. The newspaper has as well as two international websites, founded in 2013 and founded in 2011. The newspaper's was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers. Notable include the 2011 , in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager 's phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UK's biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, the. The newspaper also released news of the secret collection of telephone records held by US President 's administration in June 2013, and subsequently revealed the existence of the after it was leaked to the paper by. In 2016, it led the investigation into the , exposing the links of then British Prime Minister to. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual , the most recent in 2014 for reporting on government surveillance. Because of the frequency of the paper's , in the 1960s dubbed it The Grauniad, a nickname still used today. Manchester Guardian Prospectus, 1821 The Manchester Guardian was founded in in 1821 by cotton merchant with backing from the , a group of businessmen. They launched their paper after the police closure of the more , a paper that had championed the cause of the protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they live better than those that do. The influential journalist joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, and all of the Little Circle wrote articles for the new paper. In 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labour's claims. Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott, the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the against popular opinion. Scott commissioned and his friend to produce articles and drawings documenting the social conditions of the west of Ireland pre-First World War , and these pieces were published in 1911 in the collection Travels in Wicklow, West Kerry and Connemara. Scott's friendship with played a role in the , and in 1948 The Manchester Guardian was a supporter of the new State of. In June 1936 ownership of the paper passed to the named after the last owner, John Russell Scott, who was the first chairman of the Trust. This move ensured the paper's independence. With the pro-Liberal , the -supporting , the 's and several Sunday and weekly papers, it supported the Republican government against General 's insurgent nationalists. It pours petrol on a growing fire. There is no knowing what kind of explosion will follow. This change reflected the growing prominence of national and international affairs in the newspaper. In September 1961, The Guardian, which had previously only been published in , began to be printed in. They knew that stone throwing and could not be prevented, and that the might use the. In the existing Irish situation, most regrettably, it is also inevitable... To remove the ringleaders, in the hope that the atmosphere might calm down, is a step to which there is no obvious alternative. The paper eventually complied with a court order to hand over the documents to the authorities, which resulted in a six-month prison sentence for Tisdall, though she served only four. The emergence yesterday of a potential hostage problem of vast dimensions only emphasised that this is far too complex a crisis for gunboat diplomacy. Loose talk of 'carpet bombing' Baghdad should be put back in the bottle of theoretical but unacceptable scenarios. An evil regime in Iraq instituted an evil and brutal invasion. Our soldiers and airmen are there, at UN behest, to set that evil to rights. Their duties are clear. Let the momentum, and the resolution, be swift. While Gott denied that he received cash, he admitted he had had lunch at the Soviet Embassy and had taken benefits from the KGB on overseas visits. Gott resigned from his post. It was deemed highly susceptible to penetration. The court case proceeded, and in 1997 The Guardian produced evidence that Aitken's claim of his wife paying for the hotel stay was untrue. In 1999, Aitken was jailed for and. Kosovo War The paper supported 's military intervention in the in 1998—1999. But to save civilians, we must get in some soldiers too. In the early 2000s, The Guardian challenged the and the. In October 2004, The Guardian published a humorous column by in its entertainment guide, which appeared to call for the assassination of. This caused some controversy and the paper was forced to issue an apology and remove the article from its website. Following the , The Guardian published an article on its comment pages by , a 27-year-old British Muslim and journalism trainee from. Aslam was a member of , an group, and had published a number of articles on their website. According to the paper, it did not know that Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir when he applied to become a trainee, though several staff members were informed of this once he started at the paper. The Guardian asked Aslam to resign his membership of the group and, when he did not do so, terminated his employment. In early 2009, the paper started a tax investigation into a number of major UK companies, including publishing a database of the tax paid by the companies. Internal documents relating to 's were removed from The Guardian website after Barclays obtained a. The paper played a pivotal role in exposing the depth of the. The EU said the report, dated February 2003, was not published because it was insubstantial in its current state and lacking sufficient evidence. Responding to these accusations, a Guardian editorial in 2002 condemned and defended the paper's right to criticise the policies and actions of the Israeli government, arguing that those who view such criticism as inherently anti-Jewish are mistaken. Harriet Sherwood, then The Guardian's foreign editor, later its Jerusalem correspondent, has also denied that The Guardian has an anti-Israel bias, saying that the paper aims to cover all viewpoints in the. Elliott noted that, over nine months, he upheld complaints regarding language in certain articles that were seen as anti-Semitic, revising the language and footnoting this change. The Guardian 's style guide section referred to as the capital of Israel in 2012. The UN has reaffirmed this position on several occasions, and almost every country now has its embassy in Tel Aviv. While it was therefore right to issue a correction to make clear Israel's designation of Jerusalem as its capital is not recognised by the international community, we accept that it is wrong to state that Tel Aviv — the country's financial and diplomatic centre — is the capital. The style guide has been amended accordingly. Now it's Hamas' turn. One week later, Chris Elliott expressed the opinion that the newspaper should have rejected the language used in the advert and should have negotiated with the advertiser on this matter. Clark County In August 2004, for the , the daily G2 supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in , an average-sized county in a. Guardian America In 2007, the paper launched Guardian America, an attempt to capitalise on its large online readership in the United States, which at the time stood at more than 5. The company hired former editor, magazine columnist and writer to head the project and hire a staff of American reporters and web editors. The site featured news from The Guardian that was relevant to an American audience: coverage of US news and the Middle East, for example. Tomasky stepped down from his position as editor of Guardian America in February 2009, ceding editing and planning duties to other US and London staff. He retained his position as a columnist and blogger, taking the title editor-at-large. In October 2009, the company abandoned the Guardian America homepage, instead directing users to a US news index page on the main Guardian website. The following month, the company laid off six American employees, including a reporter, a multimedia producer and four web editors. The move came as Guardian News and Media opted to reconsider its US strategy amid a huge effort to cut costs across the company. In subsequent years, however, The Guardian has hired various commentators on US affairs including , , , and George W. Treviño's first blog post was an apology for a controversial tweet posted in June 2011 over the second Gaza flotilla, the controversy which had been revived by the appointment. After a period during which served as the US editor-in-chief before taking charge of Guardian News and Media as a whole, Viner's former deputy, Lee Glendinning, was appointed to succeed her as head of the American operation at the beginning of June 2015. Gagged from reporting Parliament In October 2009, The Guardian reported that it was forbidden to report on a parliamentary matter — a question recorded in a Commons order paper, to be answered by a minister later that week. Legal obstacles, which cannot be identified, involve proceedings, which cannot be mentioned, on behalf of a client who must remain secret. The only fact the Guardian can report is that the case involves the London solicitors. The only parliamentary question mentioning Carter-Ruck in the relevant period was by MP, in reference to legal action by and. The part of the question referencing Carter-Ruck relates to the latter company's September 2009 gagging order on the publication of a 2006 internal report into the scandal, which involved a case that the company only settled in September 2009 after The Guardian published some of the commodity trader's internal emails. The reporting injunction was lifted the next day, as Carter-Ruck withdrew it before The Guardian could challenge it in the High Court. Edward Snowden leaks and intervention by the UK government In June 2013, the newspaper broke news of the secret collection of telephone records held by 's administration and subsequently revealed the existence of the after it was leaked to the paper by former contractor. The newspaper was subsequently contacted by the British government's Cabinet Secretary, , under instruction from Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, who ordered that the hard drives containing the information be destroyed. The Guardian 's offices were then visited in July by agents from the UK's , who supervised the destruction of the hard drives containing information acquired from Snowden. The Guardian is part of the GMG of newspapers, radio stations and print media including; Sunday newspaper, international newspaper, and new media— Guardian Abroad website, and. All the aforementioned were owned by , a charitable foundation existing between 1936 and 2008, which aimed to ensure the paper's in perpetuity, maintaining its financial health to ensure it did not become vulnerable to take overs by for-profit media groups. At the beginning of October 2008, the Scott Trust 's assets were transferred to a new limited company, The Scott Trust Limited, with the intention being that the original trust would be wound up. The Guardian 's headquarters in The Guardian 's ownership by the Scott Trust is probably a factor in its being the only British national daily to conduct since 2003 an annual social, ethical and environmental in which it examines, under the scrutiny of an independent external auditor, its own behaviour as a company. The Guardian and its parent groups participate in , established by , and intervened in 1995 to save the in South Africa. The National Newspaper division of GMG, which also includes The Observer, reported operating losses of £49. The paper was therefore heavily dependent on cross-subsidisation from profitable companies within the group. The continual losses made by the National Newspaper division of the Guardian Media Group caused it to dispose of its Regional Media division by selling titles to competitor in March 2010. This included the flagship , and severed the historic link between that paper and The Guardian. The sale was in order to safeguard the future of The Guardian newspaper as is the intended purpose of the Scott Trust. In June 2011 Guardian News and Media revealed increased annual losses of £33m and announced that it was looking to focus on its online edition for news coverage, leaving the print edition to contain more comments and features. It was also speculated that The Guardian might become the first British national daily paper to be fully online. For the three years up to June 2012, the paper lost £100,000 a day, which prompted Intelligent Life to question whether The Guardian could survive. Between 2007 and 2014 The Guardian Media Group sold all their side businesses, of regional papers and online portals for classifieds and consolidated, into The Guardian as sole product. The sales let them acquire a capital stock of £838. In the first year, the paper made more losses than predicted, and in January 2016 the publishers announced, that The Guardian will cut 20 per cent of staff and costs within the next three years. The scheme aims to reduce the financial losses incurred by The Guardian without introducing a , thus maintaining open access to the website. Website readers can pay a monthly subscription, with three tiers available. Associated at first with the and hence with as expressed by the and later by the , its political orientation underwent a decisive change after , leading to a gradual alignment with and the in general. The paper's readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion: a poll taken between April and June 2000 showed that 80 per cent of Guardian readers were Labour Party voters; according to another MORI poll taken in 2005, 48 per cent of Guardian readers were Labour voters and 34 per cent voters. The paper was enthusiastic in its support for in his successful bid to lead the Labour Party, and to be elected Prime Minister. But if we want a lasting peace it may be the only option. The paper's comment and opinion pages, though often written by centre-left contributors such as , have allowed some space for right-of-centre voices such as and. Since an editorial in 2000, The Guardian has favoured abolition of the British monarchy. In the run-up to the , following a meeting of the editorial staff, the paper declared its support for the Liberal Democrats, due in particular, to the party's stance on. The paper suggested to prevent a Conservative victory, given Britain's electoral system. At , the paper switched its support to the. Toffs, including royal ones, Christians, especially popes, governments of Israel, and US are more straightforward targets. In the , The Guardian supported and was critical of left-winger , the successful candidate. Although the majority of political columnists in The Guardian were against Corbyn winning, , , and wrote supportive articles about him. Journalist of The Intercept, a former contributor to The Guardian, has accused The Guardian of falsifying the words of founder in a report about the interview he gave to Italian newspaper La Repubblica. On 13 June 2017, editor Paul Chadwick released an article detailing the flawed reporting in the original January article, which was amended to remove references to a backdoor. The Guardian had a certified average daily circulation of 204,222 copies in December 2012 — a drop of 11. In March 2013, its average daily circulation had fallen to 193,586, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations. Circulation has continued to decline and stood at 161,091 in December 2016, a decline of 2. Publication history The Guardian 's Newsroom visitor centre and archive No 60 , with an old sign with the name The Manchester Guardian The first edition was published on 5 May 1821, at which time The Guardian was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing 7; the on newspapers 4d per sheet forced the price up so high that it was uneconomic to publish more frequently. When the stamp duty was cut in 1836, The Guardian added a Wednesday edition and with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper costing 2d. In October 1952, the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the adverts that had hitherto filled that space. The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with The Times. The paper consolidated its centre-left stance during the 1970s and 1980s. It was both shocked and revitalised by the launch of The Independent in 1986 which competed for a similar readership and provoked the entire broadsheet industry into a fight for circulation. Front page of The Guardian from 2001, showing the old design of the paper when in broadsheet format. In 1992, The Guardian relaunched its features section as G2, a tabloid-format supplement. In 1993 the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet started by 's The Times. In June 1993, The Guardian bought The Observer from , thus gaining a serious with similar political views. Its international weekly edition is now titled The Guardian Weekly, though it retained the title Manchester Guardian Weekly for some years after the home edition had moved to London. It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-centre inclination, including and. The Guardian Weekly was also linked to a website for expatriates, Guardian Abroad, which was launched in 2007 but had been taken offline by 2012. Moving to the Berliner paper format Front page of the 6th June 2014 edition in the Berliner format. The Guardian is printed in full colour, and was the first newspaper in the UK to use the Berliner format for its main section, while producing sections and supplements in a range of page sizes including tabloid, approximately A4, and pocket-size approximately A5. At 470×315 mm, this is slightly larger than a traditional. Planned for the autumn of 2005, this change followed moves by The Independent and to start publishing in tabloid or compact format. On Thursday, 1 September 2005, The Guardian announced that it would launch the new format on Monday 12 September 2005. Sister Sunday newspaper The Observer also changed to this new format on 8 January 2006. The advantage The Guardian saw in the Berliner format was that, though it is only a little wider than a tabloid, and is equally easy to read on public transport, its greater height gives more flexibility in page design. The new presses also made it the first UK national paper to print in full colour on every page. The format switch was accompanied by a comprehensive redesign of the paper's look. On Friday, 9 September 2005, the newspaper unveiled its newly designed front page, which débuted on Monday 12 September 2005. Designed by , the new look includes a new for the newspaper, its first since 1988. A typeface family designed by and was created for the new design. Especially notable is , a highly legible that is used in various weights for both text and headlines and is central to the redesign. The switch cost Guardian Newspapers £80 million and involved setting up new printing presses in east London and Manchester. This was necessary because, before The Guardian 's move, no printing presses in Britain could produce newspapers in the Berliner format. There were additional complications, as one of the paper's presses was part-owned by and , contracted to use the plant until 2009. Another press was shared with the Guardian Media Group's north-western tabloid local papers, which did not wish to switch to the Berliner format. Reception The new format was generally well received by Guardian readers, who were encouraged to provide feedback on the changes. The only controversy was over the dropping of the cartoon strip. The paper reported thousands of calls and emails complaining about its loss; within 24 hours the decision was reversed and the strip was reinstated the following week. The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. In December 2005, the average daily sale stood at 380,693, nearly 6 per cent higher than the figure for December 2004. However, as of December 2012, circulation had dropped to 204,222. In 2006, the US-based chose The Guardian and Polish daily as the world's best-designed newspapers—from among 389 entries from 44 countries. Tabloid format since 2018 In June 2017, GMG announced that The Guardian and will relaunch in from early 2018. The Guardian confirmed that the launch date for the new format will be 15 January 2018. The first tabloid format Observer will therefore appear on 21 January. GMG also signed a contract with — the publisher of the , , and — to printing of The Guardian and. The format change is intended to help cut cost as it allows the paper to be printed by a wider array of presses, and outsourcing the printing to presses owned by Trinity Mirror is expected to generate millions of pounds in savings annually. The move is part of a three-year plan that includes cutting 300 jobs in an attempt to reduce losses to break even point by 2019. The paper and ink are the same as previously and the font size is fractionally larger. An assessment of the response from readers in late April 2018 indicated that the new format had led to an increased number of subscriptions. The editors were working on changing aspects that had caused complaints from readers. With the main paper now a tabloid as of 2018, all week-day supplements are of the same size as the main section. Opinion and idea features are in a second section called Journal, while G2 contains lighter items and features. Saturday's edition contains a glossy magazine called Weekend and a smaller stapled listings and culture supplement called The Guide. A third of the site's hits are for items over a month old. As of May 2013, it was the most popular UK newspaper website with 8. In April 2011, reported that The Guardian was the fifth most popular newspaper site in the world. The section features columns by the paper's journalists and regular commentators, as well as articles from guest writers, including readers' comments and responses below. The section includes all the opinion pieces published in the paper itself, as well as many others that only appear online. Censorship is exercised by Moderators who can ban posts — with no right of appeal — by those who they feel have overstepped the mark. This allows external developers to easily use Guardian content in external applications, and even to feed third-party content back into the Guardian network. The Guardian also had a number of talkboards that were noted for their mix of political discussion and whimsy until they were closed on Friday, 25 February 2011 after they had settled a libel action brought after months of harassment of a conservative party activist. They were spoofed in The Guardian's own regular humorous Chatroom column in G2. The spoof column purported to be excerpts from a chatroom on permachat. In August 2013, a webshow titled Thinkfluencer was launched by Guardian Multimedia in association with. The paper has also launched a dating website, Soulmates, and is experimenting with new media, having previously offered a free twelve part weekly series by. In January 2006, Gervais' show topped the podcast chart having been downloaded by two million listeners worldwide, and was scheduled to be listed in the 2007 as the most downloaded podcast. In 2003, The Guardian started the film production company GuardianFilms, headed by journalist Maggie O'Kane. Much of the company's output is documentary made for television— and it has included 's for 's daily flagship , some of which have been shown in compilations by International, Sex On The Streets and Spiked, both made for the UK's television. After I had reached them and written a cover story for the newspaper's G2 section, I got a call from the 's documentary department, which was researching a film on child soldiers. Could I give them all my contacts? I handed over all the names and numbers I had, as well as details of the secret route through to get into. Afterwards— and not for the first time— it seemed to me that we at The Guardian should be using our resources ourselves. Instead of providing contact numbers for any independent TV company prepared to get on the phone to a journalist, we should make our own films. It says it is especially focused on reporting the Muslim world in a more challenging manner, and has trained a number of journalists in Iraq, Afghanistan and Zimbabwe. GuardianFilms has received several broadcasting awards. In addition to two Amnesty International Media Awards in 2004 and 2005, The Baghdad Blogger: Salam Pax won a Royal Television Society Award in 2005. Baghdad: A Doctor's Story won an Emmy Award for Best International Current Affairs film in 2007. In 2008, Inside the Surge won the Royal Television Society award for best international news film — the first time a newspaper has won such an award. The same year, The Guardian 's website was awarded for its outstanding new media output at the One World Media awards. Again in 2008, GuardianFilms' undercover video report revealing vote rigging by 's party during the 2007 Zimbabwe election won best news programme of the year at the Broadcast Awards. This played on The Guardian 's early reputation for frequent , including misspelling its own name as The Gaurdian. The very first issue of the newspaper contained a number of errors, perhaps the most notable being a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at atction instead of auction. Fewer typographical errors are seen in the paper since the end of. One Guardian writer, , suggested that the high number of observed misprints was due more to the quality of the readership than the misprints' greater frequency. The fact that the newspaper was printed in Manchester until 1961 and the early, more error-prone, prints were sent to London by train may have contributed to this image as well. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. It was also co-winner of the World's Best-designed Newspaper as awarded by the Society for News Design 2006. It has been the winner for six years in a row of the British Press Awards for Best Electronic Daily Newspaper. The website is known for its commentary on sporting events, particularly its over-by-over cricket commentary. The Guardian and The Washington Post shared the 2014 for their coverage of the NSA's and GCHQ's worldwide electronic surveillance program and the document leaks by whistleblower Edward Snowden. Given The Guardian is the sponsor of two major literary awards: The , established in 1999 as a successor to the , which had run since 1965, and the , founded in 1967. In recent years the newspaper has also sponsored the in. The annual , founded in 1999, recognise excellence in journalism and design of British university and college , magazines and websites. In memory of , who died in 2004, The Guardian and Private Eye jointly set up the , with an annual £10,000 prize fund, for investigative or campaigning journalism. The newspaper also produces. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. March 2016 The Guardian and its sister newspaper The Observer opened The Newsroom, an archive and visitor centre in London, in 2002. The centre preserved and promoted the histories and values of the newspapers through its archive, educational programmes and exhibitions. The Newsroom's activities were all transferred to in 2008. The archive holds official records of The Guardian and The Observer and also seeks to acquire material from individuals who have been associated with the papers. As well as corporate records, the archive holds correspondence, diaries, notebooks, original cartoons and photographs belonging to staff of the papers. This material may be consulted by members of the public by prior appointment. There is also an extensive Manchester Guardian archive at the 's and there is a collaboration programme between the two archives. The also has a large archive of The Manchester Guardian, available in online, hard copy, microform, and CD-ROM in their British Library Newspapers collection. In November 2007 The Guardian and The Observer made their archives available over the internet via DigitalArchive. The current extent of the archives available are 1821 to 2000 for The Guardian and 1791 to 2000 for The Observer: these archives will eventually run up to 2003. The Newsroom's other components were also transferred to Kings Place in 2008. The Guardian 's Education Centre provides a range of educational programmes for students and adults. The Guardian 's exhibition space was also moved to Kings Place, and has a rolling programme of exhibitions that investigate and reflect upon aspects of news and newspapers and the role of journalism. This programme often draws on the archive collections held in the GNM Archive. Retrieved 20 December 2015. Archived from on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2013. Archived from on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2008. Poor men's guardians : a record of the struggles for a democratic newspaper press, 1763—1973. London: Lawrence and Wishart. 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